Instructions:

The exam is worth a total of 100 points.
You have 50 minutes to complete the exam

It consists of 20 multiple choice questions (each worth 3 points), and two essay question (worth 20 points each).
You must answer all 20 of the multiple choice questions on your scantron. There is only one correct answer for each.
 

EXAM

1. Which of the following is produced by the light reactions of photosynthesis?

A. glucose, ADP, NADP
B. glucose, ADP, NADP⁺, CO₂
C. ATP, NADP⁺, O₂
D. ATP, NADPH, O₂
E. ATP, NADP⁺, CO₂
 

2. Which of the following statements is true of ATP?

A. It is a protein
B. It is a vitamin
C. It is a lipid
D. The regeneration of ATP from ADP can be fueled by coupling it with reactions that give off energy
E. It cannot be regenerated
 

3. Hydrophilic compounds are:

A. attracted by water
B. attracted to hydrophobic compounds
C. attracted by lipids
D. repelled by water
E. only found in eukaryotes
 

4.Where does aerobic cellular respiration take place and , what is the final molecule that accepts the electrons that originated in glucose (IE. "what molecule accepts the electrons" NOT "what does it become")?

A. Chloroplast, NADH
B. Cytoplasm, Hydrogen
C. Mitochondrion, ATP
D. Mitochondrion, Oxygen
E. Chloroplast, Water
 

5. The production of lactate in strenuously working muscles and the production of ethanol by yeast during fermentation do not add to the ATP produced from glucose by glycolysis. Why then do these reactions take place?

A. They regenerate NAD⁺ to keep glycolysis going.
B. They produce molecules that can enter the Kreb's Cycle
C. They regenerate ADP
D. They remove toxic products from the cell.
E. All of the above.
 

6. Each individual codon in DNA is ultimately translated into a

A. protein
B. carbohydrate
C. amino acid
D. polypeptide
E. polynucleotide
 

7. One organism's DNA differs from others in its

A. Sugars
B. phosphate groups
C. nitrogenous base sequences
D. All of the above
E. None of the above
 

8. Two siblings with different combinations of alleles for eye color

A. MUST have different phenotypes
B. MAY have the same eye color
C. MUST have different genotypes
D. MUST have a mutation in the gene for eye color
E. both B and C
 

9. A Hypothesis is:

A. the result of deductive reasoning
B. is a prediction
C. is testable
D. is always correct
E. A, B, and C
 

10. Which of the following forms when two atoms share electrons?

A. Hydrogen bond
B. Covalent bond
C. Hydrophobic interaction
D. Both A and C
E. None of the above
 

11. Which of the following statements is true?

A. All organisms use different sets of elements to construct their cellular building blocks (monomers) and macromolecules (polymers)
B. All organisms use the same sets of monomers to construct their polymers.
C. All organisms have identical polymers
D. Polymers can differ between organisms
E. Both B and D
 

12. Which of the following statements is true about enzymes?

A. Enzymes are the building blocks for the cell's cytoskeleton
B. An enzyme reduces the amount of energy needed to convert a substrate into product.
C. Enzymes are metals that act as non-carbon based catalysts
D. Enzymes are vitamins that prevent disease
E. Enzymes cause reactions to occur in cells because they raise the temperature of the cells
 

13.Cellulose differs from starch in that:

A. the monomers of cellulose are held together by covalent bonds and the monomers of starch are held together by hydrogen bonds.
B. cellulose is formed by plants and starch is formed by animals
C. most animals cannot breakdown cellulose whereas starch is easily digestible
D. starch contains glucose monomers whereas cellulose contains amino acid monomers
E. All of the above
 

14. Proteins differ from one another because:

A. the covalent, peptide bonds linking the amino acids together differ from protein to protein
B. the sequence of amino acids in polypeptide chains differs from protein to protein.
C. each protein has a different three dimensional structure
D. the sequence of nucleotides found in each protein is different
E. Both B and C
 

15. Which of the following is not found in a prokaryote?

A. Nucleus
B. RNA
C. Ribosome
D. DNA
E. Enzymes
 

16. The poison cyanide inhibits mitochondrial function in skeletal and heart muscle cells, as a result

A. all ATP synthesis ceases and the organism dies.
B. cells would increase their production of lactic acid.
C. activity in the Calvin Cycle would increase.
D. ATP synthesis would occur only via glycolysis.
E. Both B and D
 

17. Which of the following processes is endergonic?

A. burning wood
B. release of heat from the breakdown of sugar
C. the synthesis of glucose from CO₂ and H₂O
D. The breakdown of glucose to power ATP production
E. cellular respiration
 

18. Which of the following is a function of the plasma membrane?

A. It forms a selective barrier around cells.
B. It plays a role in signal transduction.
C. It has receptors for chemical messages.
D. It regulates movement of molecules into and out of the cell.
E. All of the above.
 

19. Diffusion does not require the cell to expend ATP, therefore diffusion is a type of

A. exocytosis
B. endocytosis
C. passive transport
D. active transport
E. none of the above
 

20. Which of the following statements would be true of the surface-to-volume ratio of a cell that doubled in volume?

A. The surface-to-volume ratio must decrease if the cell is to continue to obtain enough nutrients and oxygen.
B. The ratio must decrease or the cell will lose too many biomolecules through its membrane
C. The ratio must increase if the cell is to continue to obtain enough nutrients and oxygen.
D. The ration must stay the same so the balance of transport of materials into and out of the cell will not be disturbed.
E. Both A and B are true.
 

SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS:

- You must choose TWO (2) of the following three (3) questions. Answer ALL of the parts for the TWO questions you choose in the space provided. Put an "X" through the question you do NOT want graded.

- If you answer all three only the FIRST TWO will be graded!

1.Coat color in Labrador Retrievers is determined by interactions between two genes. The dominant "B" gene is involved in the production of black-colored pigment that gives a black coat color to Labradors. A recessive "b" allele results in the production of the brown pigment found in Chocolate Labradors. The dominant E allele is involved in getting whatever pigment is produced INTO the individual hairs, whereas the recessive "e" allele cannot promote pigment deposition.

- A puppy must have at least one dominant allele for each gene in order to have the black coat color (genotype B_E_).

- If the puppy has only recessive "e" alleles it will be yellow; in yellow labs it doesn't matter what the "B" allele is because even if it makes pigment it can't be deposited in hair

(genotype _ _ee).

A. What are the possible genotypes of a Laborador with the chocolate coat color?(5 pts.)
 

B. What are the possible combinations of these alleles in gametes produced by Chocolate Labs (5 pts.)
 

C. A Yellow Lab with dark colored eyes has the genotype Bbee or BBee. How do you know this?. (5 pts.)

D. What is the phenotype of a puppy with the following genotype, bbee (5 pts.)
 
 
 

2. A. What kind of mutation is responsible for Huntington's disease. (4 pts)

B. What is one other way that the genetic code can be mutated. (4 pts)

C. Many spontaneous abortions that occur during the first 6 weeks of gestation are due to the presence of mutations which are lethal to the developing embryo. In general terms, why can mutations kill? (6 pts.)

D. Explain why the following statement is FALSE: (6 pts)

"A mutation in the DNA always causes a harmful change in the organism."
 
 

3. Without enzymes life as we know it would not be possible.

A. What exactly do enzymes do that make chemical reactions in cells possible? (6 pts.)

B. What are restriction enzymes and why do they deserve that name? (6 pts.)

C. In 1998 an eleven year old girl was raped, stabbed and strangled to death in Elisabethfhn, Germany. The police screened 16,400 blood samples from men who lived in the area. A single individual was identified and convicted as a result of that screening (he later confessed). DNA evidence from the semen was presented in court and is shown below. How were the police able to use the semen DNA to identify the murderer and which of the numbered suspects (1 - 7) "did it"? (8 pts.)